Cipto mangunkusumo biography examples

National Hero of Indonesia

Award

National Hero of Indonesia (Indonesian: Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia) is the highest-level title awarded in Indonesia. It is posthumously given by the Government of Indonesia for actions which are deemed to be heroic, defined as "actual deeds which can be remembered and exemplified for all time by other citizens" or "extraordinary service furthering the interests of the state and people". The Ministry of Social Affairs gives seven criteria which an individual must fulfill, as follows:

  1. Have been an Indonesian citizen who is deceased and, during his or her lifetime, led an armed struggle or produced a concept or product useful to the state;
  2. Have continued the struggle throughout his or her life and performed above and beyond the call of duty;
  3. Have had a wide-reaching impact through his or her actions;
  4. Have shown a high degree of nationalism;
  5. Have been of good moral standing and respectable character;
  6. Never surrendered to his or her enemies; and
  7. Never committed an act which taints his or her legacy.

Nominations undergo a four-step process and must be approved at each level. A proposal is made by the general populace in a city or regency to the mayor or regent, who must then make a request to the province's governor. The governor then makes a recommendation to the Ministry of Social Affairs, which forwards it to the president, represented by the Board of Titles (Dewan Gelar); this board consists of two academics, two persons of a military background, and three persons who have previously received an award or title. Those selected by the president, as represented by the Board, are awarded the title at a ceremony in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta. Since , the ceremony has occurred in early November, coinciding with Indonesia's Heroes' Day (Hari Pahlawan).

The legal framework for the title, initially styled National Independence Hero (Pahlawan Kemerdekaan Nasio

Profile of Estrogen Metabolism in Endometriosis Patients

Abstract

Objective: To assess the estrone (E1), estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3) blood level and its ratio (E2:E1, E2:E3 and E1:E3) between women with and without endometriosis.

Method: We performed an analytical cross sectional study with 27 women with endometriosis and 27 women without endometriosis who met the inclusion criteria. The samples were recruited in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital and other satellite hospitals from October to April The blood level of estrogen metabolites was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Comparison between the two groups was analyzed by using Mann- Whitney test.

Result: The level of estrone was found to be lower in endometriosis group compared to that in the control group ( pg/ml vs pg/ml, p=). Similarly, the levels of estradiol and estriol were lower in endometriosis group (29 pg/ml vs 35 pg/ml, p= and pg/ml vs pg/ml, p=, consecutively). The E2:E1 ratio was higher in endometriosis group ( pg/ml vs pg/ml, p=), as well as E2:E3 ratio ( pg/ml vs pg/ml, p=) and the E1:E3 ratio ( pg/ml vs pg/ml, p=). However, all those differences were not statistically significant.

Conclusion: The estrone, estradiol and estriol levels in women with endometriosis were lower compared to those in women without endometriosis. The ratio of E2:E1, E2:E3 and E1:E3 were higher in endometriosis group. However, all those differences failed to reach statistical significance.

Keywords: endometriosis, estradiol, estriol, estrogen, estrone

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Author Biography

 Kanadi Sumapradja, Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia/ Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital Jakarta

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

  • Tjipto Mangunkusumo was an early 20th-century

    • The Cohort of Indonesian Preterm Infants for Long-term Outcomes (CIPTO) study: a protocol

    • Study protocol
    • Open access
    • Published:
    • Rinawati Rohsiswatmo,
    • Hardya Gustada Hikmahrachim,
    • Muhamad Azharry Rully Sjahrulla,
    • Putri Maharani Tristanita Marsubrin,
    • Risma Kerina Kaban,
    • Rosalina Dewi Roeslani,
    • Adhi Teguh Perma Iskandar,
    • Distyayu Sukarja,
    • Ahmad Kautsar,
    • Ivo Urwah,
    • Hartono Gunardi &
    • …
    • Yoga Devaera

    BMC Pediatricsvolume 23, Article number:  () Cite this article

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    Abstract

    Background

    Indonesia has high numbers of preterm birth, i.e., around , preterm births annually. It imposes a significant burden on the Indonesia’s healthcare system. Indonesia therefore requires its own evidence-based reference to manage premature neonates and ex-preterm infants who subsequently survived. No long-term study on preterm infants in Indonesia has been conducted, therefore we aim to evaluate growth and development on ex-preterm infants until the pre-pubertal stage.

    Methods

    We at the Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital (CMGH) designed a prospective cohort study of preterm infants, i.e., the Cohort of Indonesian Preterm Infants for Long-term Outcomes (CIPTO) study. At least subjects will be recruited with an estimation of two-year recruitment (i.e., the recruitment phase will be completed before ). The CIPTO study will observe long-term outcomes of ex-preterm infants, primarily on growth and developmental milestones until 8 years old. Aims of this study are to determine the ex-preterm outcomes and to generate an evidence-based reference of preterm care for ensuring optimum outcomes. The pre-specified long-term outcomes in this study are survival rates, growth outcomes, neurodevelopmental outcomes, feeding behavior, as well as hearing and vision impairments. Growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes will be assessed at 0, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 24 months of

  • Pages, Paperback. First published January 1,
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    • Mohammad Hatta

    Vice President of Indonesia from to

    Not to be confused with Mohamed Atta.

    Mohammad Hatta (listen; 12 August – 14 March ) was an Indonesian statesman, nationalist, and independence activist who served as the country's first vice president as well as the third prime minister. Known as "The Proclamator", he and a number of Indonesians, including the first president of Indonesia, Sukarno, fought for the independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands. Hatta was an important figure during the Indonesian national awakening and during the national revolution, as a youth he was politically active both in the Netherlands and the Indies, which led him to be imprisoned in the Boven Digoel concentration camp for his activism, he also played a crucial part in the proclamation of Indonesian independence, being second the person to sign the declaration besides Sukarno, thus naming him as one of the founders of Indonesia.

    Early life, family, and early education

    Early life and family

    Hatta was born in Fort De Kock (now known as Bukittinggi) on 12 August into a prominent and strongly Islamic family. His grandfather, Sheikh Abdurrahman, was a respected Naqshbandi-Khalidimurshid in Batuhampar, near Payakumbuh. His father, Haji Mohammad Djamil, died when he was eight months old and he was left with his six sisters and his mother. As in the matrilineal society of Minangkabau tradition, he was then raised in his mother's family. His mother's family was wealthy, and Hatta was able to study Dutch as well as finishing Qur'an after school.

    Early education

    He went to the Dutch language elementary school (ELS or Europeesche Lagere School) in Padang from to after he had finished Sekolah Melayu ('Malay School') in Bukittinggi. When he was thirteen, he passed an exam that entitled him to enroll in the Dutch secondary school (HBS or Hogere burgerschool) in Batavia (now Jakarta). However his mother asked him to stay in Padang because he wa