Ma e tear gas biography sample

Riots over increased ferry fares in Hong Kong in

The Hong Kong riots, also known as the Star Ferry riots, were a series of disturbances that took place over four nights on the streets of Kowloon, Hong Kong in the spring of The riots started as peaceful demonstrations against the Britishcolonial government's decision to increase the fare of Star Ferry foot-passenger harbour crossing by 25 percent.

One person died in the riots, dozens were injured, and over 1, people were arrested during the turmoil.

Origins

Direct cause

The Star Ferry was an important link between the Kowloon Peninsula and Hong Kong Island before the Cross-Harbour Tunnel was built in In October , the Government revealed that the Star Ferry had applied to it for fare increases of between 50% and %. Star Ferry, which considered this a secret, expressed dismay that the application had been made public. It was further revealed that Star Ferry had solicited the views of the Hongkong and Yaumati Ferry on the increase sought. This sparked public fears that if the increase in fares were approved, other forms of public transport would also raise their prices.

When the Transport Advisory Committee (TAC) approved Star Ferry's fare increase in March , Elsie Elliot, an Urban Councillor and dissenting member of the TAC, created a petition against the fare increase and collected the signatures of 20, citizens.

A peaceful and rational protest was conducted by two participants. However, it was severely suppressed by the Hong Kong Government. The public was outraged.

Underlying cause

The s was a period of mounting dissatisfaction over British colonial rule. Living and working conditions of the general p

Malang Kanjuruhan Stadium is a silent witness to the bloodiest tragedy in Indonesia&#;s football world. Various assumptions emerged as the cause of the incident. To find out the facts that occur through various scientific fields. Academics gathered for the Review Forum Group Discussion on the Kanjuruhan Malang Tragedy at the Faculty of Law, Airlangga University, on Wednesday, December 7, The activity was organized by the Airlangga Center for Legal Drafting and Professional Development, Faculty of Law, Airlangga University (ALC FH UNAIR) in collaboration with the Study Center of Anti Corruption and Criminal Policy (CACCP FH UNAIR) and the Criminal Law Section of the Faculty of Law, Universitas Airlangga (FH UNAIR). One of the areas discussed was the pharmaceutical and chemical aspects regarding tear gas.

Present as a guest speaker was Prof. Dwi Setyawan, , , Apt. as a professor at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University. According to him, tear gas is made of excellent solid particles. It is used by throwing it and spraying it as an aerosol to resemble a gas. Generally, the ingredients used vary, such as Chloracetophenone (CN) and Chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS). The use of tear gas itself is usually used to dispel riots by causing side effects in the form of irritation and discomfort. People exposed to tear gas typically cause irritation in the eyes, nose, mouth, and skin. Treatment is also quite simple by giving water or free air. This is because the compounds in the tear gas do not enter the body, only on the surface, and are soluble in water.

He then also explained that the use of tear gas was carried out in areas with free air. The permission to use it is also carried out on a limited basis for security purposes. Industries that produce it in Indonesia are also limited to PT. Pindad. The side effects caused are also temporary to irritate. Because of

Abstract

Deployments of tear gas and pepper spray have rapidly increased worldwide. Large amounts of tear gas have been used in densely populated cities, including Cairo, Istanbul, Rio de Janeiro, Manama (Bahrain), and Hong Kong. In the United States, tear gas was used extensively during recent riots in Ferguson, Missouri. Whereas tear gas deployment systems have rapidly improved—with aerial drone systems tested and requested by law enforcement—epidemiological and mechanistic research have lagged behind and have received little attention. Case studies and recent epidemiological studies revealed that tear gas agents can cause lung, cutaneous, and ocular injuries, with individuals affected by chronic morbidities at high risk for complications. Mechanistic studies identified the ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1 as targets of capsaicin in pepper spray, and of the tear gas agents chloroacetophenone, CS, and CR. TRPV1 and TRPA1 localize to pain‐sensing peripheral sensory neurons and have been linked to acute and chronic pain, cough, asthma, lung injury, dermatitis, itch, and neurodegeneration. In animal models, transient receptor potential inhibitors show promising effects as potential countermeasures against tear gas injuries. On the basis of the available data, a reassessment of the health risks of tear gas exposures in the civilian population is advised, and development of new countermeasures is proposed.

Keywords: tear gas, pepper spray, capsaicin, chlorobenzalmalononitrile, CS, CN, CR, TRPV1, TRPA1

Tear gas agents for riot control

Over the past several decades, tear gas has been used as a common riot‐control agent (RCA) by law enforcement to quell protests, riots, and civil unrest. Tear gas use has dramatically increased in recent years, with very large amounts released in population centers in Turkey,1 the United States,2 Hong Kong,3 Greece,4 Brazil,5 Egypt, and Bahrain.6, 7

Tear gas is generally perceived to be a sublethal incapacitant.8 A analysis of several

Non-lethal chemical weapon

For other uses, see Tear gas (disambiguation).

Tear gas, also known as a lachrymatory agent or lachrymator (from Latin lacrima&#;'tear'), sometimes colloquially known as "mace" after the early commercial self-defense spray, is a chemical weapon that stimulates the nerves of the lacrimal gland in the eye to produce tears. In addition, it can cause severe eye and respiratory pain, skin irritation, bleeding, and blindness. Common lachrymators both currently and formerly used as tear gas include pepper spray (OC gas), PAVA spray (nonivamide), CS gas, CR gas, CN gas (phenacyl chloride), bromoacetone, xylyl bromide, chloropicrin (PS gas) and Mace (a branded mixture).

While lachrymatory agents are commonly deployed for riot control by law enforcement and military personnel, its use in warfare is prohibited by various international treaties. During World War I, increasingly toxic and deadly lachrymatory agents were used.

The short and long-term effects of tear gas are not well studied. The published peer-reviewed literature consists of lower quality evidence that do not establish causality. Exposure to tear gas agents may produce numerous short-term and long-term health effects, including development of respiratory illnesses, severe eye injuries and diseases (such as traumatic optic neuropathy, keratitis, glaucoma, and cataracts), dermatitis, damage of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems, and death, especially in cases with exposure to high concentrations of tear gas or application of the tear gases in enclosed spaces.

Effects

Tear gas generally consists of aerosolized solid or liquid compounds (bromoacetone or xylyl bromide), not gas. Tear gas works by irritating mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, mouth and lungs. It causes crying, sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing, pain in the eyes, and temporary blindness. With CS gas, sympto